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International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science (IJDOS)  /  IJDOS-2377-8075-08-8010

Postoperative Pain Associated With Resin And Bioceramic Based Sealers: A Systematic Review


Sowmya1, Nivedhitha MS2*

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
2 Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinical Genetics Lab, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, India.


*Corresponding Author

Nivedhitha MS,
Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinical Genetics Lab, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600077, India.
Tel: 9840912367
E-mail: nivedhitha@saveetha.com

Received: May 04, 2021; Accepted: July 29, 2021; Published: August 02, 2021

Citation:Sowmya, Nivedhitha MS. Evaluation Of Antioxidant Activity Of Oxalis Corniculata - An In Vitro Study. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(8):3620-3623. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000740

Copyright: Nivedhitha MS©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.



Abstract

Introduction: Oxidative stress is a very important characteristic feature of many diseases thereby releasing many free radicals by oxidation of the molecules. The generation of free radicals cause deleterious effects on the body in general and on dentition in particular. The effect of free radicals is harmful in a way that it can cause gingival inflammation, can compromise the bonding capacity of bonded restorations and so on. Hence it is important to counteract the effects of free radicals.

Antioxidants play a vital role in counteracting the harmful effects of free radicals. They act by scavenging the free radicals and reducing their activity. Antioxidants are abundantly available in natural products. Herbs especially are of paramount significance in delivering medicinal values. The advantages of herbs are availability, non immunogenic, ease of preparation. One such herb is Oxalis corniculata.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Oxalis corniculata.

Materials and Methods: The Oxalis corniculata plant material was dried at room temperature and powdered using a grinding machine. About 1 gm of powder was soaked in ethanol for 72hrs and extracted using Soxhlet extraction. For DPPH scavenging activity ethanol solution of plant extracts at different concentrations (25–200 µg/ml) was mixed with 0.8 ml of 100 mMtrisHCl buffer adjusted to pH 7.4. DPPH (500 mM in 1.0 ml ethanol) solution was added to the above mixture to the test tubes. Absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 517 nm UV-Visible Spectrophotometer.

Results: The results indicated that Oxalis corniculata has potent antioxidant activity but it was not superior to Ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be seen that Oxalis corniculata has a potential to be used as an antioxidant in dentistry.


Full Text -HTML

1.Keywords
2.Introduction
6.Conclusion
8.References

Keywords

Antioxidant Activity; DPPH Assay; Oxalis Corniculata.


Introduction

Reactive oxygen species/ free radicals that are generated during various dental treatments cause deleterious effects on the tooth structure.[1] Hence it is important to eliminate these free radicals to alleviate adverse effects caused by them.[2] The common sources of free radicals emanating from dental therapy are bleaching agents, dental cements, metals in restoration, and certain intracanal medicaments. [3]

We have seen many studies advocating the use of antioxidants in order to eliminate these free radicals.[4] Antioxidants are known to destroy the free radicals by preventing their formation or promoting their decomposition and also inhibit lipid peroxidation thereby reducing the tissue damage.[5] The most commonly known antioxidants are Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, flavonoids.[ 2] Naturally occurring herbs are also known to contain quite a few antioxidant properties. Herbs and plants have been a rich source of medicinal values throughout human history.[6] The advantages of using herbs are their ease of availability, biocompatibility, probable lower immunogenicity. One such naturally occurring herb is Oxalis corniculata.[3]

Oxalis corniculata is a small perennial creeping herb which belongs to the family Oxalidaceae. It is distributed across various parts of the world.[7] The herb is known for its various ethnomedicinal properties.[8] Oxalis herb is known to contain flavonoids, tannins, ascorbate and other volatile oils.[9] Various studies on this herb have shown that this herb has antibacterial, anti inflammatory, antiscorbutic effects.[10] The beneficial aspects of this herb can be translated into dentistry where it can be used as a medicament or post bleaching to immediately reverse the compromised bond strength of enamel and thereby facilitate the bonding of composite to bleached enamel.[11]

Previously our team has a rich experience in working on various research projects across multiple disciplines[12-26]. Now the growing trend in this area motivated us to pursue this project.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Oxalis corniculata.


Materials and Methods

Extract preparation

The Oxalis corniculata plant material was dried at room temperature and powdered using a grinding machine. About 1 gm of powder was soaked in ethanol for 72hrs and extracted using Soxhlet extraction. The extract was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The extract was kept in a refrigerator at a temperature below 10°C until use.

DPPH Assay

For DPPH scavenging activity ethanol solution of plant extracts at different concentrations (25–200 µg/ml) was mixed with 0.8 ml of 100 mMtrisHCl buffer adjusted to pH 7.4. DPPH (500 mM in 1.0 ml ethanol) solution was added to the above mixture to the test tubes. The mixture was shaken vigorously and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 517 nm UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Labomed). All the assays were carried out in triplicates. The ascorbic acid was used as a standard antioxidant in this method. Percentage of DPPH scavenging activity was determined.

Statistical Analysis

Results will be expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test with 95% confidence intervals. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.


Results And Discussion

The results of this study showed that Oxalis corniculata has potent antioxidant activity but not superior to that of the control Ascorbic acid. The results obtained were statistically significant. The percentage of radical scavenging activity for the herb Oxalis corniculata was highest at the highest concentration. (77.5±5.3) [Table 1]. On comparing the percentage of inhibition of the free radical activity at highest concentration, Ascorbic acid showed higher percentage of inhibition than Oxalis corniculata. [Figure 1] Ascorbic acid is a standard, naturally occurring and most commonly known antioxidant.[27] It has various applications in medicine and dentistry.[28] Hence this antioxidant was chosen as a control against Oxalis corniculata.[29] Oxalis corniculata is known for its antimicrobial, anti diarrhoeal, anti inflammatory, anthelmintic and various other properties. Hence the benefits of this herb can be utilised in dentistry.[1, 30]

Post bleaching the bond strength of enamel and dentin is usually compromised.[31] This is due to the action of free radicals that are generated from the bleaching materials- Hydrogen peroxide, Carbamide peroxide.[32, 33] Hence it would be cumbersome to bond composite to the bleached surface.[34] Therefore it is important to reverse the compromised bond strength of enamel and dentin and facilitate restoration of composite to the bleached surface.[35]

In a study done by Ahmed et al, the results showed that methanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata had potent flavonoid content which exhibited antioxidant activity.[36, 37] In another study conducted by Borah et al in 2012, the antioxidant activity of Oxalis corniculata in three different solvents was evaluated using various antioxidant assays.[38] The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the three solvents used but Oxalis corniculata retained its antioxidant activity.[39] In another study conducted by Swami et al, they found out that a bioactive component named Embellin was responsible for the antioxidant activity of Oxalis corniculata both in vitro and in vivo. [40, 41] Kathiriya in her study revealed that Oxalis corniculata possessed antioxidant and antitumor properties. [42]

In the present study, the antioxidant activity of Oxalis corniculata has been evaluated using DPPH assay. DPPH is a stable free radical that can accept or donate an electron so as to form a diamagnetic molecule [43] (Oktay et al., 2005; Nakayama, 1994). During the process, the colour of the radical changes from purple colour to pale yellow colour indicating the presence of antioxidant activity. The DPPH radical shows maximum absorbance at 517nm.

The results from the present study showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the herb activity and Ascorbic acid (Control). Table 1 represents the percentage of inhibition at various concentrations. The bar graph (Figure 1) demonstrates the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging action. It can be inferred from the graph that Oxalis corniculata has antioxidant activity but not superior to that of Ascorbic acid. However, more studies should be conducted to arrive at a definitive conclusion. Our institution is passionate about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields [16, 44-53].


Figure 1. This graph depicts the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging action. Results are expressed as Mean±SEM. bp<0.01; ap<0.05 statistically significant as compared with ascorbic acid. OCE- Oxalis corniculataethanolic extract; AAAscorbic acid.

Table 1. Results are expressed as Mean±SEM. ***p<0.001 statistically significant as compared with Negative control. bp<0.01; ap<0.05 statistically significant as compared with ascorbic acid. OCE- Oxalis corniculataethanolic extract. IC50 of OCE – 113.37µg/ml.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of the study, it can be seen that Oxalis corniculata has a potential to be used as an antioxidant in dentistry.


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